Recent advances in cancer immunotherapy: Modulation of tumor microenvironment by Toll-like receptor ligands

Recent advances in cancer immunotherapy: Modulation of tumor microenvironment by Toll-like receptor ligands Leila Rostamizadeh Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Medical Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8770-7188 Ommoleila Molavi Biotechnology Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1820-7048 Mohsen Rashid Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Medical Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Fatemeh Ramazani Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Medical Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Behzad Baradaran Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Afsaneh Lavasanaifar Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada Raymond Lai Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada

Immunotherapy is considered a promising approach for cancer treatment. An important strategy for cancer immunotherapy is the use of cancer vaccines, which have been widely used for cancer treatment. Despite the great potential of cancer vaccines for cancer treatment, their therapeutic effects in clinical settings have been limited. The main reason behind the lack of significant therapeutic outcomes for cancer vaccines is believed to be the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). The TME counteracts the therapeutic effects of immunotherapy and provides a favorable environment for tumor growth and progression. Therefore, overcoming the immunosuppressive TME can potentially augment the therapeutic effects of cancer immunotherapy in general and therapeutic cancer vaccines in particular. Among the strategies developed for overcoming immunosuppression in TME, the use of toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists has been suggested as a promising approach to reverse immunosuppression. In this paper, we will review the application of the four most widely studied TLR agonists including agonists of TLR3, 4, 7, and 9 in cancer immunotherapy.
03 26 2022 03 26 2022 1 10.34172/crossmark_policy bi.tbzmed.ac.ir false Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz University of Medical Sciences 2021-06-24 2021-12-04 2022-03-26 10.34172/bi.2022.23896 20220328131615 https://bi.tbzmed.ac.ir/Inpress/bi-23896 https://bi.tbzmed.ac.ir/Inpress/bi-23896.pdf https://bi.tbzmed.ac.ir/Inpress/bi-23896.pdf https://bi.tbzmed.ac.ir/Inpress/bi-23896.pdf https://bi.tbzmed.ac.ir/Inpress/bi-23896.pdf https://bi.tbzmed.ac.ir/Inpress/bi-23896.pdf